Endosulfan is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Chronic effects of endosulfan on reproductive performance and development of the rat was determined through continuously administered, dietary concentrations of 0 control, 3, 15, and 75 ppm. However, the activists estimated that the death perhaps is much more. Signs and symptoms of poisoning early manifestations of poisoning by some organochlorine pesticides, particularly. Public health statement for endosulfan agency for toxic substances. Endosulfan destroyed biodiversity of kasaragod villages. One of the most severe tragedies because of endosulfan. March 1985 degradation of dislodgeable foliar residues of endosulfan on chinese cabbage pdf march 1977 decay of endosulfan thiodan residue on leaves of strawberry plants in monterey county, california pdf july 1976 a study of the decay rates of ethylmethyl parathion and endosulfan applied as a foliar spray to a tomato field.
Chronic effects of endosulfan on reproductive performance and development of the rat was determined through continuously administered, dietary concentrations of 0. The department of health and human services dhhs, the international agency for research on cancer iarc. Endosulfan, an organochlorine oc insecticide, is a widely used agricultural pesticide, despite its life threatening toxic effects. Endosulfan to be banned, pesticide poses unacceptable. Dec 14, 2017 endosulfan is known to be highly toxic to small animals, birds, fish, bees and many other insects. The spraying of endsosulfan in the cashew plantations of stateowned plantation corporation of kerala caused a disaster on the biodiversity of the area, a study by the dr. Effect of endosulfan on male reproductive development. Since endosulfan, beta has the same chemical structure as endosulfan, much of the information included in this fact sheet is based on the information available for endosulfan. Toxicological profile for endosulfan agency for toxic substances. Endosulfan is an insecticide that is applied extensively to coffee, tea, and cotton crops, among others. Endosulfan to be banned, pesticide poses unacceptable risks. Effects of endosulfan, thiamethoxam, and indoxacarb in combination with atrazine on multibiomarkers in gammarus kischineffensis article pdf available in ecotoxicology and environmental safety.
Exposure to endosulfan can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Usepa benthic invertebrate risk assessment for endosulfan prepared for. The epa, declaring that endosulfan is unsafe for farm workers, moves to ban one of the last organochlorine pesticides left. Endosulfan is persistent and bioaccumulates in the environment endosulfan is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and persistent to degradation processes in the environment. Fuzzy cognitive maps fcms are fuzzy graph structures representing casual reasoning. Endosulfan can cause headache, dizziness, muscle weakness, depression and confusion.
The study of endosulfan effects showed larger abnormality such as mental retardation, cancer and infertility in the victims. Many cotton farmers have died in west africa, especially benin, senegal, mali and togo. There is experimental evidence of adverse effects of endosulfan on the male reproductive system, but there are no human data. Comparison of neurotoxic effects of ethanol and endosulfan on biochemical changes of brain tissues in javanese medaka oryzias javanicus and zebrafish danio rerio nurul farhana ramlan 1, noraini abu bakar 1, emmellie laura albert 2,3, syaizwan zahmir zulkifli1, syahida ahmad4, mohammad noor amal azmai1,5, che. For each chemical contaminant or substance considered, a lead. Similar effects have been produced in rats, including behavioral effects, seizures anand, 1980, tremors, excessive salivation, and hyperexcitability dikshith et al, 1984. Endosulfan is subject to longrange atmospheric transport, i. Comparison of neurotoxic effects of ethanol and endosulfan.
Jan 21, 2015 the health effects of endosulfan depend on how much endosulfan you are exposed to and the length of that exposure. According to the international chemical safety card by the international programme on chemical safety, people who are exposed by inhalation, skin exposure, or ingestion to endosulfan can have following symptoms. Endosulfan is readily absorbed by humans via the stomach, lungs and through the skin. The central nervous system is the primary target affected by exposure to endosulfan. Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects warning hazardous to the aquatic environment, longterm hazard information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. In the present study, we investigated the effects of endosulfan on human vascular endothelial cells. The technical product must contain at least 94 % endosulfan in accord with specifications of the food and agricultural. Studies of occupational and environmental exposure of humans have not provided conclusive evidence that endosulfan can cause cancer. It has a wide range of use as an insecticide and plays an especially important role in cotton cultivation, as cotton in conventional. Neurological effects of endosulfan neurotoxicity of endosulfan is the primary effect observed both acutely and chronically in both humans and animals.
Cancer hazard according to the information presently available to the new jersey department of health and senior services, endosulfan sulfate has not been tested for its ability to cause cancer in animals. Apr 22, 2011 the spraying of endsosulfan in the cashew plantations of stateowned plantation corporation of kerala caused a disaster on the biodiversity of the area, a study by the dr. The effects of endosulfan on human mcf7 breast cancer cells. Endosulfan is an offpatent organochlorine insecticide and acaricide that is being phased out globally. Endosulfan sulfate is included with its two parents. H i g h l y h a z a r d o u s p e s t i c i d e s endosulfan. The major metabolite of endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, is also persistent. Als environmental does not sell chemicals, but offers analytical lab testing to determine the presence of various elements and chemical compounds. Therefore, we undertook a study to examine the relationship between environmental endosulfan exposure and reproductive development in male children and adolescents. In water, endosulfan undergoes hydrolysis to endosulfan diol. Assessment of the fate and effects of endosulfan on aquatic ecosystems adjacent to agricultural fields planted with tomatoes. Tests with methoxyfenozide and spinosad showed no significant effects on survival of exposed. Can be transported over long distances in the atmosphere, but the compound is relatively immobile in soils.
The chemical is semivolatile and persistent to degradation processes in the environment. Sexrelated difference in the toxicities of endosulfan acute toxicity studies have indicated that female rats are more highly susceptible than males to the lethal effects of endosulfan gaines, 1969. The following chronic longterm health effects can occur at some time after exposure to endosulfan sulfate and can last for months or years. The effects of endosulphan on the aquatic life as well as on humans were also discussed. Risks of endosulfan use to federally threatened california. Short and longterm effects of endosulfan, cypermethrin. Here endosulfan was aerially sprayed on the cashew plantations at. It can cause headache, fainting, foaming at the mouth, agitation, repeated convulsions of an epilepticlike nature, incontinence, impaired consciousness, breathing difficulty, cyanosis, malaise, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, weakness, confusion. In addition, there was a down regulation of rank and upregulation of rankl gene. It is unlikely that endosulfan will cause reproductive effects in humans at expected exposure levels. Both endosulfan isomers undergo photolysis upon exposure to sunlight. Recognition and management of pesticide poisonings. A 2year study in nmri mice was conducted by hoechst 1988b and the results were later published as hack et al. It effects humans, animals and aquatic life and its very difficult to remove it from the food chain.
The author explored the toxicity of this pesticide. Index for endosulfan pc code 079401 pesticides us epa. Michael golding department of veterinary physiology and pharmacology. Pdf short and longterm effects of endosulfan, cypermethrin. Use of endosulphan in kasaragod distric, kerala, india ejatlas. Breathing endosulfan can irritate the nose and throat. Endosulfan sulfate degraded in four soils, a pliocene sand, an organicrich orchard soil, an agricultural soil and soil from a volcanic area, with a halflife in each of 164, 157, 150, and 4 days, respectively 2. Endosulfan sulfate is a product of oxidation containing one extra o atom attached to the s atom. Chronic health effects the following chronic longterm health effects can occur at some time after exposure to endosulfan and can last for. In the environment, endosulfan is metabolically converted by microorganisms, plants, and animals to endosulfan sulfate, endo sulfandiol, endosulfan ether, endosulfan hydroxyether, and endo. Therefore, we undertook a study to examine the relationship between environmental endosulfan exposure and reproductive development in. Thus, it occurs in many environmental compartments. A committee was appointed by the government of kerala to study the toxic effects of aerial spraying of endosulfan in kasaragod.
Many more have been poisoned in neighbouring state karnataka. It looks like a browncolored crystal and has an odor like turpentine. Pdf effects of endosulfan, thiamethoxam, and indoxacarb. However, when the relative mortality by sex was analyzed, this insecticide caused higher percentages of female mortality than those observed in the control treatment. The problem of endosulfan by jutta hammer, alexandra baier and susanne smolka allround insecticides with many side effects endosulfan was used as an active ingredient in many pesticides as early as 1956. The supreme court has described side effects of endosulfan, a highly toxic agrochemical pesticide as devastating. Endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan were found in high concentrations in india and along the pacific rim due to its high use in rice cultivation1. It may also be found in surface water at very low concentrations and can be detected in the air at minute levels. Endosulfan did not cause any detrimental effects on total survival of c. Sold under trade names thionex, endocil, phaser, benzoepin. The disappearance of endosulfan sulfate was due to both abiotic processes and biodegradation 1. The health effects of endosulfan depend on how much endosulfan you are exposed to and the length of that exposure. It is used primarily on food crops like tea, fruits, vegetables and on grains. The government estimates 710 people had died due to ill effects of aerial spraying of endosulfan in cashew plantations in 4,696 hectares in the northern district from 1976 to 2000.
Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide that is used extensively across the world to kill insects. Jun 10, 2010 endosulfan to be banned, pesticide poses unacceptable risks, epa says. Hazard summary endosulfan can affect you when breathed in and by passing through your skin. In the meantime there is an almost unmanageable number of data available, dealing with ecotoxicity, environmental fate, residues in food and feedstuff, and environmental concentrations of that substance. Other regions with detectable amounts of endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan were scandanavia, the united states, england, southern australia, and south africa1. But the pesticide and fertilizer industries were very fast to refuse the studies. Effects of endosulfan on human beings submitted in partial fulfilment of the environmental studies course zz301z for the award of the bachelor of technology degree from national institute of technology, calicut. Since endosulfan, alpha has the same chemical structure as endosulfan, much of the information included in this fact sheet is based on the information available for endosulfan. The effects of warfarin and alpha endosulfan on the thyroid hormone response element half site dr4. Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides. Fcm was introduced by bart kosko in 1986 in this paper we study to identify the effects of using endosulfan which leads to most dangerous side effects in human. Plant production products containing endosulfan are still registered in a number of countries worldwide. Endosulfan is known to be highly toxic to small animals, birds, fish, bees and many other insects.
Endosulfan, alpha fact sheet us epa archive document. Endosulfan destroyed biodiversity of kasaragod villages the. Breathing, eating or drinking high doses of endosulfan can cause convulsions shaking violently and death. Environmental effects released in to the environment as a result of its use as an insecticide. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact atsdr at.
Incidence of acute and chronic toxicity with endosulfan poisoning has been reported, and nearly 80 countries have banned its use. Endosulfan s endocrine disrupting properties also increase the risk of breast cancer in humans. The effects of endosulfan on human mcf7 breast cancer. Endosulfan in drinkingwater world health organization. Endosulfan is an insecticide used to kill a wide variety ofinsects infesting a range of crops. Other poisonings are reported from indonesia, philippines, sudan. Numerous test results on effects of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate on fish and. Apr 18, 2011 the study of endosulfan effects showed larger abnormality such as mental retardation, cancer and infertility in the victims. Pdf analysis of effects of endosulfan using fcms best. Saltwater chronic tests have been conducted on one in vertebrate and one fish species. Large amounts of endosulfan can be found in surface water near areas of application. However, it is unknown whether endosulfan causes endothelial dysfunction.
Endosulfan, alpha is one form of another substance called endosulfan. Documented human data have shown the central nervous system to be the major target of endosulfan action silva, 2007. Endosulfan also imitates or enhances the effect of the female hormone estrogen. Endosulfan, beta is one form of another substance called endosulfan. Short and longterm effects of endosulfan, cypermethrin, spinosad, and methoxyfenozide on adults of chrysoperla externa neuroptera.
Buy high purity a endosulfan analytical standards from chem service inc. What are the health effects of exposure to endosulfan, alpha. Environmental monitoring data suggest that any endosulfan levels the public might encounter through direct contact or through water, soil, or food are generally low, much lower than animal study levels. Endosulfan has been used globally as a pesticide since the 1950s to control a variety of insects including whiteflies, aphids, leafhoppers, colorado potato beetles, and cabbage worms. A white paper on the report on the visit of the expert team constituted by the kerala agriculture university for investigating the environmental effects of aerial sprayed endosulfan on cashew plantations in perla area of kasargod district. In raw river water at room temperature and exposed to light,both. It has been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Endosulfan is manufactured and distributed in india by hindustan fertilizers limited. It has directed kerala government to release entire rs. Moreover focus has been made on the effect of endosulfan on ovary, hormones, enzymes, dna damage and apoptosis.
Nov, 2009 environmental effects released in to the environment as a result of its use as an insecticide. Endosulfan also increased the damage by promoting erroneous repair of the broken dna strands. Endosulfan is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide of the cyclodiene subgroup which acts as a contact poison in a wide variety of insects and mites. Technical grade endosulfan is a diastereomeric mixture of two biologically active isomers. Inhibition of cell growth and induction of inflammation by. Endosulfan, beta fact sheet us epa archive document. The two isomers, endo and exo, are known popularly as i and ii. Endosulfan to be banned, pesticide poses unacceptable risks, epa says. Erroneous repair would lead to undesirable genome level changes leading to genomic instability, which. In its commercial form, endosulfan is composed of two stereoisomers. Data on the bioconcentration of endosulfan by saltwater organisms are available for two fish species. Endosulfan iii update statement toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less than once every three years. Ameliorating effect of vitamin c on murine sperm toxicity induced by three pesticides endosulfan, phosphamidon and mancozeb.
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